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Practice of predicting information about a person's life

Fortune telling is the practice of predicting information about a person's life.^[1] The telescopic of fortune telling is in principle identical with the do of divination. The divergence is that divination is the term used for predictions considered part of a religious ritual, invoking deities or spirits, while the term fortune telling implies a less serious or formal setting, fifty-fifty 1 of popular culture, where belief in occult workings backside the prediction is less prominent than the concept of proposition, spiritual or applied informational or affirmation.

Historically, Pliny the Elderberry describes use of the crystal ball in the 1st century CE by soothsayers ("crystallum orbis", later written in Medieval Latin by scribes as orbuculum).^[2]

Gimmicky Western images of fortune telling abound out of folkloristic reception of Renaissance magic, specifically associated with Romani people.^[one] During the 19th and 20th century, methods of divination from non-Western cultures, such equally the I Ching, were as well adopted as methods of fortune telling in western pop civilisation.

An instance of divination or fortune telling as purely an item of popular culture, with petty or no vestiges of conventionalities in the occult, would be the Magic eight-Brawl sold as a toy by Mattel, or Paul II, an octopus at the Body of water Life Aquarium at Oberhausen used to predict the effect of matches played past the Deutschland national football team.^[iii]

There is opposition to fortune telling in Christianity, Islam, Baháʼísm and Judaism based on scriptural prohibitions against divination.

Terms for one who claims to see into the time to come include fortune teller, crystal-gazer, spaewife, seer, soothsayer, sibyl, clairvoyant, and prophet; related terms which might include this among other abilities are oracle, augur, and visionary.

Fortune telling is dismissed by the scientific community and scientific skeptics as beingness based on magical thinking and superstition.

Methods [edit]

The screene of fortune here behold, fortune-telling game, ca.1650-1750

Common methods used for fortune telling in Europe and the Americas include astromancy, horary astrology, pendulum reading, spirit board reading, tasseography (reading tea leaves in a cup), cartomancy (fortune telling with cards), tarot card reading, crystallomancy (reading of a crystal sphere), and chiromancy (palmistry, reading of the palms). The last 3 have traditional associations in the popular mind with the Roma and Sinti people.

Some other form of fortune telling, sometimes called "reading" or "spiritual consultation", does non rely on specific devices or methods, but rather the practitioner gives the customer advice and predictions which are said to have come from spirits or in visions.

Alectromancy: by observation of a rooster pecking at grain.
Aleuromancy: by flour.
Astrology: by the movements of celestial bodies.
Astromancy: by the stars.
Augury: past the flight of birds.
Bazi or four pillars: past 60 minutes, day, month, and yr of birth.
Bibliomancy: past books; frequently, just non e'er, religious texts.
Cartomancy: by playing cards, tarot cards, or oracle cards.
Ceromancy: by patterns in melting or dripping wax.
Chiromancy: by the shape of the easily and lines in the palms.
Chronomancy: by determination of lucky and unlucky days.
Clairvoyance: by spiritual vision or inner sight.
Cleromancy: by casting of lots, or casting bones or stones.
Cold reading: by using visual and audible clues.
Crystallomancy: past crystal ball besides chosen scrying.
Extispicy: by the entrails of animals.
Face reading: past means of variations in face and caput shape.
Feng shui: by earthen harmony.
Gastromancy: by stomach-based ventriloquism (historically).
Geomancy: by markings in the ground, sand, world, or soil.
Haruspicy: by the livers of sacrificed animals.
Horary astrology: the astrology of the fourth dimension the question was asked.
Hydromancy: by water.
I Ching divination: by yarrow stalks or coins and the I Ching.
Kau cim by means of numbered bamboo sticks shaken from a tube.
Lithomancy: by stones or gems.
Molybdomancy: by molten metal after dumped in cold h2o
Naeviology: past moles, scars, or other actual marks
Necromancy: by the dead, or by spirits or souls of the expressionless.
Nephomancy: by shapes of clouds.
Numerology: by numbers.
Oneiromancy: by dreams.
Onomancy: by names.
Palmistry: past lines and mounds on the hand.
Parrot star divination: past parakeets picking up fortune cards
Paper fortune teller: origami used in fortune-telling games.
Pendulum reading: past the movements of a suspended object.
Pyromancy: by gazing into fire.
Rhabdomancy: divination past rods.
Runecasting or Runic divination: by runes.
Scrying: by looking at or into reflective objects.
Spirit lath: by planchette or talking board.
Taromancy: by a grade of cartomancy using tarot cards.
Tasseography or tasseomancy: by tea leaves or coffee grounds.

Sociology [edit]

Western fortune tellers typically attempt predictions on matters such as hereafter romantic, financial, and childbearing prospects. Many fortune tellers will also give "graphic symbol readings". These may apply numerology, graphology, palmistry (if the subject is present), and astrology.

In gimmicky Western culture, it appears that women consult fortune tellers more than men.^[four] Some women accept maintained long relationships with their personal readers. Telephone consultations with psychics grew in popularity through the 1990s, and by the 2010s additional contact methods such as e-mail and videoconferencing also became available, just none of these have completely replaced traditional in-person methods of consultation.^[v]

As a business in North America [edit]

Discussing the part of fortune telling in lodge, Ronald H. Isaacs, an American rabbi and author, opined, "Since time immemorial humans have longed to learn that which the futurity holds for them. Thus, in aboriginal civilization, and even today with fortune telling equally a true profession, humankind continues to exist curious virtually its future, both out of sheer curiosity as well as out of desire to better set for it."^[6] Popular media outlets like The New York Times have explained to their American readers that although 5000 years agone, soothsayers were prized advisers to the Assyrians, they lost respect and reverence during the rise of Reason in the 17th and 18th centuries.^[seven]

With the rise of commercialism, "the sale of occult practices [adjusted to survive] in the larger lodge," according to sociologists Danny L. and Lin Jorgensen.^[viii] Ken Feingold, writer of "Interactive Fine art as Divination as a Vending Machine," stated that with the invention of money, fortune telling became "a individual service, a commodity inside the marketplace".^[ix]

As J. Peder Zane wrote in The New York Times in 1994, referring to the Psychic Friends Network, "Whether it's 3 P.M. or 3 A.Thousand., there's Dionne Warwick and her psychic friends selling advice on love, money and success. In a nation where the power of crystals and the likelihood that angels hover nearby prompt more contemplation than ridicule, it may non be surprising that one 1000000 people a year phone call Ms. Warwick'southward friends."^[7]

Clientele [edit]

In 1994, the psychic counsellor Rosanna Rogers of Cleveland, Ohio, explained to J. Peder Zane that a wide variety of people consulted her: "Couch potatoes aren't the only people seeking the counsel of psychics and astrologers. Clairvoyants have a booming business advising Philadelphia bankers, Hollywood lawyers and CEO'south of Fortune 500 companies... If people knew how many people, especially the very rich and powerful ones, went to psychics, their jaws would drib through the floor."^[vii] Rogers "claims to have 4,000 names in her rolodex."^[vii]

Janet Lee, also known every bit the Greenwich psychic, claims that her clientele often included Wall Street brokers who were looking for any advantage they could get. Her usual fee was around $150 for a session just some clients would pay between $two,000 and $9,000 per month to accept her available 24 hours a twenty-four hours to consult.^[10]

Typical clients [edit]

In 1982, Danny Jorgensen, a professor of Religious Studies at the University of South Florida offered a spiritual explanation for the popularity of fortune telling. He said that people visit psychics or fortune tellers to proceeds self-agreement,^[xi] and knowledge which will atomic number 82 to personal power or success in some aspect of life.^[12]

In 1995, Ken Feingold offered a dissimilar explanation for why people seek out fortune tellers:^[9]

We want to know other people'south actions and to resolve our own conflicts regarding decisions to be made and our participation in social groups and economies. ... Divination seems to have emerged from our knowing the inevitability of death. The idea is clear—we know that our time is limited and that we desire things in our lives to happen in accord with our wishes. Realizing that our wishes take petty power, we accept sought technologies for gaining knowledge of the hereafter... gain ability over our own [lives].

Ultimately, the reasons a person consults a diviner or fortune teller depend on cultural and personal expectations.

Services [edit]

Traditional fortune tellers vary in methodology, mostly using techniques long established in their cultures and thus meeting the cultural expectations of their clientele.

In the The states and Canada, among clients of European ancestry, palmistry is pop^[13] and, as with astrology and tarot card reading, advice is by and large given about specific problems besetting the customer.

Not-religious spiritual guidance may too be offered. An American clairvoyant past the name of Catherine Adams has written, "My philosophy is to teach and practise spiritual freedom, which means you have your ain spiritual guidance, which I can assist yous get in touch with."^[14]

In the African American community, where many people practice a grade of folk magic chosen hoodoo or rootworking, a fortune-telling session or "reading" for a client may exist followed past practical guidance in spell-casting and Christian prayer, through a process called "magical coaching".^[15]

In addition to sharing and explaining their visions, fortune tellers can also act like counselors by discussing and offering advice nigh their clients' problems.^[thirteen] They want their clients to exercise their ain willpower.^[16]

Full-fourth dimension careers [edit]

Some fortune tellers support themselves entirely on their divination business organisation; others hold down one or more jobs, and their 2nd jobs may or may not relate to the occupation of divining. In 1982, Danny L., and Lin Jorgensen institute that "while at that place is considerable variation amidst [these secondary] occupations, [office-fourth dimension fortune tellers] are over-represented in homo service fields: counseling, social work, education, wellness care."^[17] The same authors, making a limited survey of Due north American diviners, establish that the majority of fortune tellers are married with children, and a few claim graduate degrees.^[18] "They nourish movies, watch television, piece of work at regular jobs, shop at K-Mart, sometimes swallow at McDonald'southward, and go to the hospital when they are seriously sick."^[xix]

Legality [edit]

In 1982, the sociologists Danny L., and Lin Jorgensen constitute that, "when it is reasonable, [fortune tellers] comply with local laws and purchase a business license."^[17] However, in the United States, a variety of local and state laws restrict fortune telling, require the licensing or bonding of fortune tellers, or make necessary the use of terminology that avoids the term "fortune teller" in favor of terms such as "spiritual counselor" or "psychic consultant." There are besides laws that outright forbid the practice in certain districts.

For case, fortune telling is a grade B misdemeanor in the country of New York. Nether New York Country law, S 165.35:

A person is guilty of fortune telling when, for a fee or compensation which he straight or indirectly solicits or receives, he claims or pretends to tell fortunes, or holds himself out equally beingness able, by claimed or pretended use of occult powers, to respond questions or give communication on personal matters or to practise, influence or affect evil spirits or curses; except that this section does not apply to a person who engages in the aforedescribed comport equally part of a show or exhibition solely for the purpose of amusement or amusement.^[xx]

Lawmakers who wrote this statute best-selling that fortune tellers do not restrict themselves to "a show or exhibition solely for the purpose of amusement or entertainment" and that people will go along to seek out fortune tellers even though fortune tellers operate in violation of the law.

Similarly, in New Zealand, Section 16 of the Summary Offences Act 1981 provides a one thousand dollar penalty for anyone who sets out to "deceive or pretend" for financial recompense that they possess telepathy or clairvoyance or acts equally a medium for coin through apply of "fraudulent devices." As with the New York legislation cited above, all the same, information technology is non a offense if it is solely intended for purposes of entertainment.

Saudi Arabia also bans the practice outright, considering fortune telling to be sorcery and thus opposite to Islamic pedagogy and jurisprudence. Information technology has been punishable by death.^[21]

Critical analysis [edit]

Fortune-telling service in Nippon, struck by bad luck equally part of their shrine collapsed.

Fortune telling is dismissed by the scientific community and skeptics as being based on magical thinking and superstition.^[22] ^[23] ^[24] ^[25]

Skeptic Bergen Evans suggested that fortune telling is the event of a "naïve selection of something that accept happened from a mass of things that haven't, the clever interpretation of ambiguities, or a brazen announcement of the inevitable."^[26] Other skeptics merits that fortune telling is zippo more than cold reading.^[27]

A big corporeality of fraud has occurred in the practice of fortune telling.^[28]

Fortune telling and how it works raises many critical questions. For example, fortune-telling occurs through various methods such as psychic readings and tarot cards. Similarly these methods are largely based on random phenomena. For example, astrologers believe that the movement of stars in the sky tin can have implications on one'due south life.^[29] In the case of tarot cards, people believe that images displayed on the cards have significant meanings on their lives. However, there is a lack of evidence to support why such things, such as the stars, would take any implications on our lives.

Additionally, fortune-telling readings and predictions made by horoscopes, for instance, are often general enough to apply to anyone. In cold reading, for example, readers often begin past stating general descriptions and continuing to make specifics based on the reactions they receive from the person whose life they are predicting.^[xxx] The tendency for people to deem general descriptions every bit being representative to themselves has been termed the Barnum consequence and has been studied by psychologists for many years.^[31]

Nonetheless, even with a lack of evidence supporting the various methods of fortune-telling and the many frauds that have occurred by psychic readers, amongst others, fortune-telling continues to become popular around the world. There are many reasons for the highly-seasoned nature of fortune-telling such every bit that people often feel stress when in that location is dubiety and thus seek to proceeds deeper insight into their lives.

Meet as well [edit]

Chinese fortune telling
Divination in African traditional organized religion
Flim-Flam! (Psychics, ESP, Unicorns and other Delusions)
Fortune teller machine
Houdini's debunking of psychics and mediums
I Ching divination
Bob Nygaard (Psychic investigator)
Televangelist Peter Popoff exposed by James Randi
Prophecy
Psychic Blues: Confessions of a Conflicted Medium
Rose Mackenberg (Celebrated investigator of psychic mediums)
Tengenjutsu (fortune telling)

Notes [edit]

^ ^a ^b Melton, J. Gordon. (2008). The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena. Visible Ink Printing. pp. 115-116. ISBN 1-57859-209-7
^ Pliny the Elderberry (1831). Caii Plinii Secundi Historiæ naturalis libri xxxvii, cum selectis comm. J. Harduini air-conditioning recentiorum interpretum novisque adnotationibus. p. 579. Retrieved 7 November 2015. (in Latin)
^ Associated Press6 July 2010
^ Blécourt, Willem de; Usborne, Cornelle. (1999). Women's Medicine, Women's Culture: Abortion and Fortune telling in Early Twentieth-Century Germany and holland. Medical History 43: 376-392.
^ Burton, Valentina. The Fortune Teller's Guide to Success: Creating a Wonderful Career every bit a Psychic. 2011; Lucky Mojo Curio Co. (revised) Fourth Edition 2018.
^ Isaacs, Ronald H. Divination, Magic, and Healing the Volume of Jewish Folklore. Northvale North.J.: Jason Aronson, 1998. pg 55
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d (Zane 1994)
^ (Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982, p. 376)
^ ^a ^b (Feingold 1995, p. 399)
^ Kadet, Anne (8 March 2014). "In Greenwich, Where Coin Is No Object". The Wall Street Periodical. Archived from the original on 12 Nov 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
^ (Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982, p. 381)
^ (Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982, p. 375)
^ ^a ^b "Clairvoyant or counsellor? Meet the woman who walks a fine line." The Northern Echo. 27 Oct 2000.
^ Adams, Catherine. "What is Clairvoyance and What Tin can I Expect in a Session With Catherine?" Archived eighteen December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Magical Coaching and Spiritual Advice are among the ancillary services offered by some diviners and root doctors. These consultation services are usually engaged on an hourly basis." -- excerpt from an article on "magical coaching" at the Association of Independent Readers and Rootworkers web site
^ (Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982, p. 384)
^ ^a ^b (Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982, p. 377)
^ (Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982, p. 337)
^ (Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982, p. 387)
^ Leginfo.state.ny.u.s.
^ Fortune Teller Faces Execution in Saudi Arabia Archived 4 Apr 2010 at the Wayback Machine pattayadailynews.com 1 April 2010 retrieved 17 July 2010
^ Pronko, Nicholas Henry. (1969). Panorama of Psychology. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. p. 18
^ Miller, Gale. (1978). Odd Jobs: The Earth of Deviant Work. Prentice-Hall. pp. 66-68
^ Carroll, Robert Todd. (2003). "Divination (fortune telling)". The Skeptic'southward Dictionary. Retrieved 20 Apr 2016.
^ Regal, Brian. (2009). Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia. Greenwood. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-313-35507-three
^ Evans, Bergen. (1955). The Spoor of Spooks: And Other Nonsense. Purnell. p. sixteen
^ Cogan, Robert. (1998). Critical Thinking: Step by Stride. University Press of America. p. 212. ISBN 0-7618-1067-6
^ Steiner, Robert A. (1996). Fortunetelling. In Gordon Stein. The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. pp. 281-290. ISBN i-57392-021-5
^ Thagard, Paul R. (1978). Why astrology is a pseudoscience in The Philosophy of Science Association, 1978 Volume 1, pp. 223-234.
^ Dutton, D.Fifty. (1988). The Cold Reading Technique in Experientia, Book 44, pp. 326-332
^ Dutton, D.L. (1988). The Common cold Reading Technique in Experientia, Volume 44, pp. 326-332

References [edit]

Feingold, Ken (1995), "OU: Interactivity every bit Divination as Vending Auto", Leonardo, Third Annual New York Digital Salon, 28 (five): 399–402, doi:10.2307/1576224, JSTOR 1576224, S2CID 61727726
Hughes, Chiliad., Behanna, R; Signorella, Chiliad. (2001). Perceived Accurateness of Fortune Telling and Conventionalities in the Paranormal. Journal of Social Psychology 141: 159-160.
Jorgensen, Danny Fifty.; Jorgensen, Lin (1982), "Social Meanings of the Occult", The Sociological Quarterly, 23 (3): 373–389, doi:ten.1111/j.1533-8525.1982.tb01019.x .
Zane, J. Peder (11 September 1994), "Soothsayers as Business organisation Advisers; Yous Are Going to Go along a Long Trip…", The New York Times .

External links [edit]

Media related to Fortune-telling at Wikimedia Commons

perezwhisair1941.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune-telling